{"id":18173,"date":"2024-12-19T12:27:39","date_gmt":"2024-12-19T17:27:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iri.com\/blog\/?p=18173"},"modified":"2025-12-29T15:35:06","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T20:35:06","slug":"masking-phi-in-fhir-edi-files-with-darkshield","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iri.com\/blog\/data-protection\/masking-phi-in-fhir-edi-files-with-darkshield\/","title":{"rendered":"Masking PHI in FHIR EDI Files with DarkShield"},"content":{"rendered":"
Introduction<\/b><\/h5>\n

The<\/span> IRI DarkShield<\/span><\/a> data masking tool includes fit-for-purpose wizards in its<\/span> IRI Workbench<\/span><\/a> GUI to search (classify) and mask (remediate) sensitive \u201ddark data\u201d (as defined by Gartner) in many semi, unstructured, and structured file, NoSQL, and relational database (RDB) sources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This article focuses on a wizard that can discover and de-identify PHI in healthcare documents in FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) format. See<\/span> this article<\/span><\/a> related to <\/span>HL7<\/span><\/i> files, or <\/span>this article<\/span><\/a> related to <\/span>X12 <\/span><\/i>files if you need to find and mask PHI in those EDI formats.<\/span><\/p>\n

Though not discussed in this article, DarkShield also includes wizards for other data sources, too, like the<\/span> New File Search\/Masking Job<\/span><\/i><\/a> \u2026 wizard for sensitive data in many other file, document, and image formats; the<\/span> New NoSQL DB Search\/Masking Job\u2026<\/span><\/i><\/a> for popular NoSQL databases; and, the<\/span> New Relational DB Search\/Masking Job\u2026<\/span><\/i><\/a> wizard for RDB schemas.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

What the DarkShield Healthcare Wizard Does<\/b><\/h5>\n

The \u201c<\/span>New Healthcare Search\/Masking Job \u2026<\/span><\/i>\u201d wizard in the IRI Workbench GUI for DarkShield creates a DarkShield Job (.dsc file) with the Search and Mask Contexts applicable to your job.<\/span><\/p>\n

Search Contexts contain instructions on how to search for PII in its source. Mask Contexts contain instructions on masking the PII found during the search, and how to access the target where the masked version of data will be sent.<\/span><\/p>\n

The searching and masking of data in FHIR documents is based on Data Classes you pre-define and store in an<\/span> IRI Data Class and Rule Library<\/span><\/a>, or create directly from this wizard. Each Data Class contains one or more search methods called Search Matchers to find PII\/PHI values.<\/span><\/p>\n

FHIR documents specifically use search matchers based on the location (path metadata) matchers, but you can also combine those with content-based data matchers as well to increase your search range (and time). For more information on the various search methods available, read about<\/span> Location Matchers<\/span><\/a> and<\/span> Data Matchers<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

While DarkShield previously supported FHIR documents, this wizard provides a user-friendly front-end to configure the jobs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Prerequisites<\/b><\/h5>\n

You may need to update your DarkShield API and Workbench IDE; see<\/span> this YouTube video<\/span><\/a> for instructions, and email darkshield@iri.com if you need help or have any questions. Before launching the DarkShield Healthcare wizard, ensure these preliminary steps are completed:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 First, verify that the DarkShield API distribution directory is specified in the IRI Workbench <\/span> Preferences > IRI > DarkShield<\/span><\/i>. From here, you can configure DarkShield GUI and API preferences, including the host, port, and directory holding the DarkShield API. If the DarkShield API distribution (Plankton) is empty or if you are using a different distribution, you will need to manually update the specified folder to reflect the location of the DarkShield API.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0 Second, all DarkShield Wizards require a project possessing an IRI Data Class and Rule Library. The library can be empty, as this wizard can create data classes and rules for you. Learn about data classes and rules from this article<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

IRI Project Containing an IRI Data Class and Rule Library<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0 Finally, verify that the Plankton (DarkShield API) server is running. The DarkShield API Status view (bottom of the screen) displays whether the API server is running.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Using the Wizard<\/b><\/h5>\n

To access the wizard, navigate to the DarkShield menu dropdown from the top toolbar menu in<\/span> IRI Workbench<\/span><\/a> and choose \u2018New Healthcare Search\/Masking Job\u2026\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This action opens the first page, where you will specify the source type, in this case, FHIR.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

After selecting the source type, click Next. The next page will prompt you to specify the name and location of the DarkShield job you are building.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

You also have the option to use previously created Data Classes or Data Class Groups. If you do, this streamlines the process of setting up the job without more steps because you will be using data classes that were defined or modified in the library or previous use of this wizard.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If this is your first time defining a DarkShield job for FHIR however, we recommend you to not use this option. That is because the next pages of the wizard will take you through the very specific types of FHIR paths you should classify.<\/span><\/p>\n

After the setup page is the PII General and Advanced Selection Page. Here, predefined \u201cgroupings\u201d<\/span> 1<\/span><\/a> of common Personally Identifiable Information (PII) or Protected Health Information (PHI) types found within healthcare documents are presented.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s important to note that while these groupings cover many PII instances, they may not encompass all of them within a document. Therefore, you should carefully review all information during job creation to ensure the accuracy of your data discovery and de-identification results.<\/span><\/p>\n

On this page, we can select these groupings for easier searching and masking of PII \/ PHI:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The \u201cAdvanced\u201d section of the wizard gives you more granular control over specific path matchers. For this example, we will be using our pre-defined groupings of \u201cName\u201d, \u201cPhone Number\u201d, and \u201cGender\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The next wizard page is the \u2018Rule Selection Wizard Page,\u2019 where you associate the information selected in previous wizard pages with masking rules. Note that any information lacking a rule will be skipped during the search and masking process.<\/span><\/p>\n

On this page, you\u2019ll find a dropdown menu for selecting groupings defined in an earlier wizard, including information from the advanced selections. Once you\u2019ve selected a grouping, you can apply a rule to it by selecting it from the \u201cSelect Rule\u201d dropdown and clicking on \u2018Add Group Rule.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

There is also an optional dropdown menu called Type. This permits the application of a rule solely to the selected type within the grouping. At the moment, JSON is the only type available, but future FHIR wizard versions will support the new XML format, too.<\/span><\/p>\n

Within the table, you can also click on, and directly modify each rule cell via a dropdown menu to select a rule for a specific item. This provides even more granular control of the masking job.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The \u201cCreate Rule\u201d button allows you to create a rule directly from this wizard. For more information about creating a rule, or what the masking rules are, refer to<\/span> this article<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since this wizard uses Data Classes, you can use any predefined masking rules in this wizard. Subsequently, any additional Data Classes can also be used in the .dsc file, combining manual entries along with these automated ones.<\/span><\/p>\n

The last two wizard pages are used to define or modify the locations of your unmasked file sources and masked targets, respectively. You can specify local PC folders, LAN file system paths, or cloud buckets.<\/span><\/p>\n

By default, each target file will have the same name as the source. If you specify more than one target, the masked files will be copied into every defined folder.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

When you click Finish, a DarkShield job configuration (.dsc) file is created in the \u201cProject Explorer\u201d folder you specified on the first wizard page. New FHIR data class groups will also be created inside the \u201ciriLibrary.dcrlib\u201d in your project, which contains the data classes you just defined in the wizard.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Within these Data Classes, every detail can be altered without the need to revisit the wizard. This flexibility enables you to modify, add, or remove any Data Classes, significantly reducing setup time for future jobs, especially if requirements change.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Double-click on your .dsc file to see the \u2018DarkShield Job Details Page\u2019. Review the source, target, and data class information. It\u2019s important to note that any changes made to items in the .dcrlib file require selecting the \u2018Modify\u2019 button and completing the wizard to ensure those changes are reflected in the .dsc file.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

To run your job, right-click on the .dsc file and select the type of job you want. In this case, I am choosing a combined search and masking job.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Upon examining the sample FHIR source and target file below, we can see our net of groupings working its magic. With only a few clicks of our mouse, we were able to identify and mask common PII\/PHI types.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One thing to mention is that process this works regardless of which document type is being used. Our groupings cover all available document types for FHIR, X12, and HL7, stemming directly from their documentation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Another topic to consider is marking results, in this example, we only used Format-Preserving Encryption (<\/span>FPE<\/span><\/a>), however, many other data masking (and synthesis) functions are supported; see<\/span> this page<\/span><\/a> and its links for details.<\/span><\/p>\n

FHIR SAMPLE 1 (Unmasked > Masked)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

FHIR SAMPLE 2 (Unmasked > Masked)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In addition to the masked files, an audit log file called<\/span> results.json<\/span><\/i> is generated. It details which PHI data classes matched on values in the FHIR file(s), and the corresponding rules used to mask them.<\/span><\/p>\n

At the moment, JSON is the only supported FHIR format; in future updates XML will be supported as well.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is also possible to generate aggregate visualization of the discovered PII and whether it was masked in built-in dashboard charts per<\/span> this article<\/span><\/a>. For help using this wizard to scan and\/or mask FHIR data \u2013 or data in any other source(s) \u2013 send an email to <\/span>darkshield@iri.com<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/h3>\n
\n
1. What is FHIR and how does IRI DarkShield help mask PHI in it? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
FHIR (which stands for Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) is a file format designed to advance beyond HL7 as a new data exchange standard. IRI DarkShield helps by protecting the sensitive data \u2013 mostly Protected Health Information (PHI) \u2013 in FHIR files. It works through a purpose-built healthcare EDI file masking wizard<\/a> in the IRI Workbench GUI to find and mask PHI in FHIR documents using predefined data classes, search matchers based on FHIR paths, and masking functions (rules) that you assign to those data classes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
2. How does the Healthcare Search and Masking wizard work for FHIR? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
The wizard builds a DarkShield job file that contains Search Contexts and Mask Contexts. It guides you to choose PHI groupings, map them to masking rules, and define source and target locations so PHI is discovered and masked in one or more FHIR files.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
3. What search methods can DarkShield use to find PHI in FHIR? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
DarkShield primarily uses location matchers that target JSON paths defined by the FHIR spec. You can also add content-based matchers such as regular expressions, value lookups, or NER models to expand coverage when needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
4. How can I create or reuse PHI data classes for FHIR jobs? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
You can reuse existing data classes from the IRI Data Class and Rule Library<\/a> or create new data classes in the FHIR data discovery and masking wizard. Each data class pairs specific FHIR paths with the masking rule you want applied to those values.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
5. What masking functions can I apply to PHI in FHIR? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
You can apply format-preserving encryption, pseudonymization, redaction, randomization, blurring, hashing, and other supported static data masking methods<\/a>. Pick functions that meet your realism, reversibility, and compliance needs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
6. How do I map PHI groupings to rules during setup? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
In the Rule Selection step, choose a grouping such as Name or Phone Number, then select a masking rule from the dropdown and add it. You can refine rule assignment per item for more granular control.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
7. How can I define source and target locations for FHIR masking jobs? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
In the last steps of the wizard, point to local folders, LAN paths, or cloud buckets for sources and one or more targets. By default, masked files keep the original names in your specified target directories.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
8. What file formats of FHIR does DarkShield support today? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
FHIR in JSON format is supported in the wizard today. Support for FHIR in XML format is planned for a future update.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
9. How do I run a combined search and masking job after configuration? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
Right-click the generated .dsc file in IRI Workbench and choose to run a combined search and masking job. Ensure the DarkShield API server is running and reachable in your environment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
10. What audit artifacts are produced for FHIR masking runs? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
DarkShield produces a results.json file that logs which PHI classes were found and which rules masked them. You can also view aggregate charts in a built-in dashboard for quick visual insight. This page<\/a> lists the current audit logs DarkShield jobs generate.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
11. How can I modify data classes or rules without rebuilding the job? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
Open the iriLibrary.dcrlib in your project to adjust data classes or rules. Then use Modify in the job details page so those updates are reflected in the .dsc configuration.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
12. What prerequisites are required before using the Healthcare wizard? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
Confirm that IRI Workbench is configured with the DarkShield API distribution path, that your project includes a Data Class and Rule Library, and that the DarkShield API server is running.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
13. How can I increase discovery accuracy for PHI in FHIR? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
Combine location matchers with content matchers such as regex validators or lookups. Start with the predefined PHI groupings, validate results, then iterate by refining paths and rules.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
14. Can I schedule or automate FHIR masking operations? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
Yes. Export the job specs and run them from the DarkShield CLI or call the DarkShield API from your automation tools to schedule and trigger recurring or event-based masking workflows.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
15. What compliance outcomes can DarkShield support for FHIR data? <\/i><\/i><\/div>\n
DarkShield supports HIPAA-related de-identification or anonymization security rules through compliant data masking functions and produces audit logs for verification. It helps you protect PHI for analytics, testing, and sharing without exposing patient identities.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction The IRI DarkShield data masking tool includes fit-for-purpose wizards in its IRI Workbench GUI to search (classify) and mask (remediate) sensitive \u201ddark data\u201d (as defined by Gartner) in many semi, unstructured, and structured file, NoSQL, and relational database (RDB) sources.\u00a0 This article focuses on a wizard that can discover and de-identify PHI in healthcare<\/p>\n

Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":204,"featured_media":18202,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[1981,1305,1979,1976,1982,1977,1978,1980,1879,1388,850,1983,1878,1306,1750],"class_list":["post-18173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-protection","tag-darkshield-wizard","tag-data-masking-tools","tag-data-security-in-healthcare","tag-fhir-data-masking","tag-fhir-data-protection","tag-fhir-documents","tag-health-information-security","tag-healthcare-compliance","tag-healthcare-data-privacy","tag-iri-darkshield","tag-iri-workbench","tag-personal-health-information","tag-phi-de-identification","tag-pii-masking","tag-sensitive-data-protection"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMasking PHI in FHIR EDI Files with DarkShield - 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